/ A1 /End Notes
/ 00 / Preface
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1
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2
Cory Doctorow, “The ‘Enshittification’ of TikTok”, Wired, January 2023. wired.com/story/tiktok-platforms-cory-doctorow.
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3
Marc Andreessen, “The Techno-Optimist Manifesto”, Andreessen Horowitz, 16 October 2023. a16z.com/the-techno-optimist-manifesto.
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4
Alexander C. Karp and Nicholas W. Zamiska, The Technological Republic (Crown, 2025).
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“The Authoritarian Stack”, n.d. authoritarian-stack.info.
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6
Vitalik Buterin, post on X, 3 March 2026. x.com/VitalikButerin/status/2028913738057957433.
/ 01 / The Revolution that Wasn’t
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7
Loup Durand, Jaguar, English translation of Le Jaguar (1988).
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8
“Why this is the coldest crypto winter yet”, The Economist, 10 February 2026. economist.com/finance-and-economics/2026/02/10/why-this-is-the-coldest-crypto-winter-yet.
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9
“ICOs have raised more than 20,000 million dollars since 2017”, Crypto Economy, 11 October 2018. crypto-economy.com/icos-raised-20000-million-dollars-since-2017/. Fabric Ventures and TokenData, “$6.3 Billion: 2018 ICO Funding Has Passed 2017’s Total”, 2018. coindesk.com/markets/2018/04/19/63-billion-2018-ico-funding-has-passed-2017s-total
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10
Satis Group, “Cryptoasset Market Coverage Initiation: Network Creation”, 2018. research.bloomberg.com/pub/res/d28giW28tf6G7T_Wr77aU0gDgFQ.
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11
TokenData, “Crowdsale Tracking”, 22 February 2018, via Bitcoin.com News. news.bitcoin.com/46-last-years-icos-failed-already/. Webisoft, “ICO Statistics”, 2025. web.archive.org/web/20250810101926/https://webisoft.com/articles/ico-statistics/.
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12
CoinGecko, “EOS Price and Historical Data”, accessed 2026. coingecko.com/en/coins/eos. CoinMarketCap, “EOS”, accessed 2026. coinmarketcap.com/currencies/eos.
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13
U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, “Telegram to Return $1.2 Billion to Investors and Pay $18.5 Million Penalty to Settle SEC Charges”, Press Release 2020-146, 26 June 2020. www.sec.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2020-146.
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14
BlackRock, “iShares Bitcoin Trust ETF (IBIT)”, accessed 2026. blackrock.com/us/financial-professionals/products/333011/ishares-bitcoin-trust.
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15
U.S. Congress, “GENIUS Act (S.1582), 119th Congress”, 2025. congress.gov/bill/119th-congress/senate-bill/1582/text.
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16
McKinsey & Company, “Asset Management 2025: The Great Convergence”, 2025. mckinsey.com/industries/financial-services/our-insights/asset-management-2025-the-great-convergence. CoinGecko, “Global Cryptocurrency Market Cap”, accessed 2026. coingecko.com/en/charts.
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17
Bank of America, “Global Fund Manager Survey”, August 2025, via BeInCrypto. beincrypto.com/bank-of-america-survey-crypto.
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18
Charles Hoskinson, quoted in “Why this is the coldest crypto winter yet”, The Economist, 10 February 2026 (see note 8).
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19
Uniswap Labs, “Unsupported Token List”, accessed 2026. support.uniswap.org/hc/en-us/articles/18783818770701-Unsupported-Token-List. “Uniswap Labs front-end remains blocked in Ukraine, frustrating builders”, Blockworks, 13 October 2025. blockworks.co/news/uniswap-labs-blocked-ukraine.
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20
CoinGecko, “Filecoin Price and Historical Data”, accessed 2026. coingecko.com/en/coins/filecoin. CoinGecko, “Internet Computer Price and Historical Data”, accessed 2026. coingecko.com/en/coins/internet-computer.
/ 02 / The World Has Changed
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21
CyberArk, “2025 Identity Security Landscape”, 23 April 2025, via BusinessWire. www.businesswire.com/news/home/20250423817886/en/Machine-Identities-Outnumber-Humans-by-More-Than-80-to-1-New-Report-Exposes-the-Exponential-Threats-of-Fragmented-Identity-Security. Palo Alto Networks, “2026 Cybersecurity Predictions”, 2025. paloaltonetworks.com/cybersecurity-perspectives/2026-cyber-predictions.
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22
Jillian Mascelli and Megan Rodden, “‘Harvest Now Decrypt Later’: Examining Post-Quantum Cryptography and the Data Privacy Risks for Distributed Ledger Networks”, Federal Reserve FEDS Working Paper 2025-093, September 2025. federalreserve.gov/econres/feds/files/2025093pap.pdf.
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23
European Union, “Artificial Intelligence Act, Article 99 (Penalties)”, 2024. artificialintelligenceact.eu/article/99. European Parliament and Council, Regulation (EU) 2026/1744 of 8 July 2026 (Digital Omnibus on AI), Official Journal L, 24 July 2026. eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2026/1744/oj/eng.
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24
European Securities and Markets Authority, “Statement on the end of transitional periods under MiCA”, April 2026. esma.europa.eu/sites/default/files/2026-04/ESMA75-113276571-1679_Statement_on_the_end_of_transitional_periods_under_MiCA.pdf.
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25
“Crypto Clarity Act flames out in failed U.S. Senate vote”, CoinDesk, 15 September 2026. www.coindesk.com/policy/2026/09/15/crypto-clarity-act-flames-out-in-failed-u-s-senate-vote.
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26
“France Orders All Government Ministries to Ditch Windows for Linux in Digital Sovereignty Push”, The Next Web, April 2026. thenextweb.com/news/france-linux-windows-migration-digital-sovereignty. “French State Ditches US Tech Over Data-Grab Fears”, Brussels Signal, April 2026. brusselssignal.eu/2026/04/french-state-ditches-us-tech-over-data-grab-fears.
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27
“Hurray! This German State Decides to Save €15 Million Each Year By Kicking Out Microsoft for Open Source”, It’s FOSS, 2025. itsfoss.com/news/german-state-ditch-microsoft.
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28
The Document Foundation, “Austria’s Military Switches from Microsoft Office to LibreOffice”, 30 September 2025. blog.documentfoundation.org/blog/2025/09/30/austrias-military-switches-from-microsoft-office-to-libreoffice.
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29
European Commission, “Commission Proposes Tech Sovereignty Package to Strengthen Europe’s Digital Autonomy and Resilience”, 3 June 2026. digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/news/commission-proposes-tech-sovereignty-package-strengthen-europes-digital-autonomy-and-resilience.
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30
epicenter.works, “Five Problems the Commission Must Fix in the EU Wallet”, accessed 2026. epicenter.works/en/content/five-problems-the-commission-must-fix-in-the-eu-wallet. European Digital Rights (EDRi), “The eID Wallet Still Doesn’t Deserve Your Full Trust”, accessed 2026. edri.org/our-work/the-eid-wallet-still-doesnt-deserve-your-full-trust.
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31
“ANTS Hack: 19 Million Records Exposed in French ID Agency Breach”, Cybernews, April 2026. cybernews.com/security/ants-hack-france-19-million-records-id-agency-breach. “France Confirms Data Breach at Government Agency That Manages Citizens’ IDs”, TechCrunch, 22 April 2026. techcrunch.com/2026/04/22/france-confirms-data-breach-at-government-agency-that-manages-citizens-ids.
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32
Statista, “Artificial Intelligence — Worldwide Market Forecast”, 2025. statista.com/outlook/tmo/artificial-intelligence/worldwide.
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33
Confidencial, “2025’s Defining Moments: Why Data Security Stopped Being About the Perimeter”, December 2025. confidencial.io/post/2025-data-security-rethinking-perimeter-control.
/ 03 / What Money Is For
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34
Bernard Lietaer, The Future of Money (Random House, 2001).
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35
E.F. Schumacher, Small Is Beautiful: A Study of Economics as if People Mattered (Blond & Briggs, 1973).
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36
Elinor Ostrom, Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action (Cambridge University Press, 1990).
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37
Arthur Brock, “Metacurrency” and the “Levels of Wealth” / Deep Wealth model. artbrock.com/metacurrency.
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38
James Stodder, “Complementary Credit Networks and Macroeconomic Stability: Switzerland’s Wirtschaftsring”, Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 72, no. 1 (2009): 79–95.
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39
Ralph Borsodi and Robert Swann, Inflation and the Coming Keynesian Catastrophe: The Story of the Exeter Experiments with Constants (Schumacher Center for a New Economics).
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40
Schumacher Center for a New Economics (founded 1980 by Robert Swann as the E.F. Schumacher Society). centerforneweconomics.org. BerkShares, the local currency circulating in the Berkshires, Massachusetts, since 2006. berkshares.org.
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41
John Maynard Keynes, “Proposals for an International Clearing Union” (1942–44).
/ 05 / The Stack
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42
Arthur Brock, “Blockchain Blind Spots”, Medium, 31 March 2018. medium.com/@artbrock/blockchain-blind-spots-1904d490218d.
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43
Open Source Initiative, “Cryptographic Autonomy License v1.0 (CAL-1.0)”, n.d. opensource.org/license/cal-1-0.
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44
Least Authority, “Audit of Holochain Lair Keystore”, 15 December 2022. leastauthority.com/blog/audits/audit-of-holochain-lair-keystore. Least Authority, “Audit of Holochain Deterministic Integrity”, 26 January 2023. leastauthority.com/blog/audit-of-holochain-deterministic-integrity-crate/.
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45
Akash Network, “The Rise of Decentralized Compute”, n.d. akash.network/blog/the-rise-of-decentralized-compute.
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46
“Decentralized GPU Cost Arbitrage: AWS at $514 vs Akash at $84 Weekly”, Coinposters, 17 February 2026. coinposters.com/news/decentralized-gpu-cost-arbitrage-aws-at-514-vs-akash-at-84-weekly.
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47
“Cloud Pricing Wars 2025: AWS, Azure, GCP Cost Comparison”, ByteIota, 2025. byteiota.com/cloud-pricing-wars-2025-aws-azure-gcp-cost-comparison. Gartner, “Gartner Forecasts Worldwide Public Cloud End-User Spending to Total $723 Billion in 2025”, 19 November 2024. www.gartner.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/2024-11-19-gartner-forecasts-worldwide-public-cloud-end-user-spending-to-total-723-billion-dollars-in-2025.
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48
Unyt, “Unveiling Unyt Smart Agreements”, 2025. unyt.co/blog/unveiling-unyt-smart-agreements.
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49
Unyt blog posts, accessed 2026. unyt.co/blog.
/ 08 / HOT and the Bridge
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50
Polygon Developer Documentation, “POL”, accessed 2026. docs.polygon.technology/pos/concepts/tokens/pol.
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51
Polygon Labs, “MATIC to POL Migration Is 99% Complete: What You Need to Know”, 3 September 2025. polygon.technology/blog/matic-to-pol-migration-is-99-complete-everything-you-need-to-know.
/ 09 / Structured Against Capture
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52
OpenAI, “Evolving OpenAI’s Structure”, 5 May 2025. openai.com/index/evolving-our-structure. “OpenAI just cut a deal with California. Critics say it’s full of holes”, CalMatters, 30 October 2025. calmatters.org/economy/technology/2025/10/openai-restructuring-deal-full-of-holes-critics-say.
/ 10 / Our Collective Promise
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53
James Madison, “Speech on the Judicial Powers of the National Government”, Virginia Ratifying Convention, 20 June 1788, Founders Online, National Archives. founders.archives.gov/documents/Madison/01-11-02-0101.
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54
Cory Doctorow, Walkaway (Tor Books, 2017).
Technical documentation and resources
- Holochain: holochain.org (source code)
- Holo: holo.host
- Unyt: unyt.co (source code)
- Moss: moss.social (source code)